Introduction:

Water is one of the most important constituent of life support system .it is indeed a wonderful chemical medium which has unique properties of dissolve carrying in suspension a huge varieties of chemicals. Thus it can get contaminated easily. Natural surface water bodies often have impurities from various sources. The impurities may be suspended particles, colloidal materials and may also be dissolved cationic and anionic substances. Various kinds of natural and man-made activities-industrial, domestic, agricultural and others-are day by day creating water pollution problem, particular in fresh water system.

A water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atom that are connected by covalent bonds. Water is a clear, transparent fluid which forms the streams, lakes, oceans and rain, is the major constituent of the fluids of living things chemical compound, and the most widely used of all solvents. Water is extremely essential for survival of all living organisms. Life cannot exist on this planet without water. Approx 97.2% of water on earth is salty and only 2.8% is present as fresh water from which about 20% constitutes ground-water (Sarala and Ravi, 2012). Every living thing requires water for betterment of their health. Supply of clean, safe and potable drinking water to the community is utmost important in maintaining positive health measures. The drinking water must be free from pathogenic microorganisms. Water is one of the vehicles for the transfer of wide range of disease of microbial origin. Open defecation play an important role for polluting the ground water. Faecal pollution of water leads to introduction of variety of enteric pathogens that causes water borne diseases (Rajgire, 2013). The water is essential for life on the earth and any other planet. It is the fundamental right to get pollution free water to the every individual but because of development we are going to pollute our water sources. The pollution of surface water can be treated with different techniques. It is very difficult to get purified ground water (Mulla et al., 2011).

Groundwater is the important source of water supply throughout the world. The world’s total water resources estimated at 1.37 x 108 million of these global water resources about 97.2% is sea water and 2.8% is available as fresh water. Out of this 2.8% about 2.2% is available as surface water and 0.6% as ground water. At present nearly one fifth of water is used in the world is obtained from ground water sources. The ground water is being used for domestic, municipal purposes as well as irrigation. It is an economic resource and more than 80% of the public, industrial and agricultural water supplies are obtained from wells. The demand ground water is increasing every day due to irrigation. Ground water are not unlimited resource, this should be contaminated due to improper disposal of liquid waste, unsuitable agriculture practices, etc (Vijayakumar et.al., 2014).

A lot of work on drinking water quality and ground water quality of different parts of India has been carried out by various workers viz. (Arbab and Nawaz, 2015; Narsimha et. al., 2012; Sahu et al., 2013; Abdel-Lah and Shamrukh, 2001; Singh et. al., 2013; Ramesh et. al., 2012; Parvathavarthin and Senthilnathan, 2014; Tiwari, et. al., 2014; Chaurasia and Gupta, 2012; Manimegalai, 2012 and Gupta et.al., 2014. The objective of the present work is to discuss the major physicochemical parameters of groundwater at residential compounds of Chitrakoot area.

Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other life forms even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Access to safe drinking water has improved over the last decades in almost every part of the world, but approximately one billion people still lack access to safe water and over 2.5 billion lack municipal or village corporations are supplying water for drinking purpose. Most of the people rely on the ground water for their day-to-day life. The Chitrakoot is a region of intensive agriculture. Over the few decades, competition for economic development, associated with rapid growth in population and urbanization, has brought insignificant changes in land use, resulting in more demand of water for agriculture and domestic activities. Due to inadequate availability of surface water, to meet the requirement of human activities, groundwater remains the only option to supplement the ever-increasing demand of water. Importance of hydrochemistry of groundwater has led to a number of detailed studies on geochemical evolution of ground waters.

Study Area:

Chitrakoot Dham is situated in between latitude 80⁰51 to 80⁰56 N and longitude 25⁰8' to 25⁰12' E (Figure 1) in northern part of district Satna, M.P. (Tripathi et al., 1996). Balika Chhatrawas Rajoula; Ramnath Ashramshala, Kamta; Sri Tulsi Prayaga Chachhu Chhatrawas, Kamta; Swarg Ashram Chhatrawas, Pilikoto; Balika Chhatrawas, Nayagawan and Gurukul Sankul Chhatrawas Sphticshila, Chitrakoot were the sampling station of the present study.

Table 2. Physico-Chemicals parameters of study area

S.N	Parameters	Sampling Stations
S.N	Parameters	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6
1.	TDS, mg/l	504.0	816.0	1476.0	788.80	506.40	659.60
2.	pH	6.26	6.80	6.92	6.63	6.74	6.54
3.	EC, µmhos/cm	555.0	680.0	886.0	701.0	540.0	678.0
4.	Total hardness CaCO₃, mg/l	800.0	668.0	1260.0	1120.0	864.0	600.0
5.	Ca as Ca, mg/l	250.63	90.83	302.77	136.25	97.56	75.69
6.	Ca hardness CaCO₃, mg/l	625.8	226.8	756.0	340.2	243.6	189.0
7.	Mg hardness CaCO₃, mg/l	42.50	107.65	122.97	190.27	151.37	100.28
8.	Total alkalinity, mg/l	92.0	260.0	352.0	232.0	144.0	248.0
9.	Chloride, mg/l	42.54	141.83	297.84	184.37	85.09	269.47
10.	Nitrate, mg/l	1.48	2.56	2.83	3.00	0.61	1.11
11.	Iron, mg/l	0.20	0.10	0.0	0.20	0.0	0.10
12.	Fluoride, mg/l	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.50	1.00	1.00
13.	Sodium, mg/l	67.10	25.40	36.50	65.10	80.00	80.00
14.	Potassium, mg/l	58.10	21.10	738.1	247.1	0.90	1.70

Table 3. Biological parameters of study area

S.N.	Parameters	Sampling Stations
S.N.	Parameters	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6
1.	E.coli (MPN/100 ml)	9	Absent	3	Absent	Absent	Absent

Table 4. Showing standards for drinking water

S.N.	Parameters	World Health Organization (WHO,1994)	Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS,1990)	Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR, 1975)
1.	pH	7.0-8.5	6.5-8.5	7.0-8.5
2.	TDS, mg/l	500.0	500.0	-
3.	Conductivity	500.0	-	500.0
4.	Alkalinity, mg/l	200.0	-	200.0
5.	Fluoride, mg/l
6.	Chloride, mg/l	200.0	-	200.0
7.	Mg, mg/l	30.0	30.0	30.0
8.	Iron, mg/l
9.	Calcium as CaCO_3,mg/l	75.0	75.0	75.0
10.	Total hardness, mg/l	300.0	300.0	300.0
11.	Nitrate, mg/l

EC (Electrical conductivity):

EC is a measurement of water's capacity for conveying electric current and is directly related to the concentration of ionized substance in the water. The electric conductivity with 400 ms/cm at 25⁰C is considered suitable for human consumption. The conductivity at water samples varied from 540.0 to 886.0 ms/cm (Table 2; Figure 3). But all samples stations exceed the permissible limit by WHO, 1984.

Figure 4. Total hardness concentration in different sampling stations

Total Hardness:

Hard water contains calcium and magnesium ions. It is generally defined as the calcium carbonate equivalent of calcium and magnesium ions present in water as expressed in mg/l. There is evident that death rates from cardio vascular diseases are inversely correlated with the hardness at 500 to 1500 mg/l (CaCO₃) is based on taste and house hold use consideration. Total hardness of the water samples varied from 600.0 to 1260.0 mg/l (Table 2; Figure 4). But all samples stations exceed the permissible limit by WHO, 1984.

Calcium as calcium carbonate:

The calcium as calcium carbonate of the sample lies between 189.0 to 756.0 mg/l (Table 2; Figure 5).

Figure 5. Ca hardness as CaCO3 concentration in different sampling stations

Calcium as Ca:

Calcium of the water samples were found to be in the range from 75.69 to 302.77 mg/l (Table 2).

Mg hardness as CaCO3:

At high concentrations, Magnesium salts have a laxative effect particularly when present as magnesium sulphate. Magnesium content in the investigated water samples was varied from 42.50-190.27 mg/l. But S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 samples stations exceed the permissible limit by WHO, 1984.

Chloride:

The important source of chloride in water is the discharge of domestic swage. High concentration of chloride in water gives an undesirable taste to water. The concentration of chloride in water samples lies in the range of 42.54 to 297.83 mg/l. (Table 2; Figure 6) Samples Sri Tulsi Prayaga Chhatrawas(S3) and high concentration of chloride content and exceed the permissible limit by BIS and WHO (Table 4).

Figure 6. Chloride concentration in different sampling stations

Alkalinity:

Alkalinity of water is a measure its capacity to neutralized acid and is characterized by the presence of hydroxyl ions is solution alkalinity, there fore, it the major of buffering capacity of the water. The alkalinity ranges 92.0 to 352.0 mg/l (Table 2; Figure 7). In the sampling stations S2, S3, S4 and S6 total alkalinity values are found to be higher then the BIS permissible limit.

Figure 7. Total alkalinity concentration in different sampling stations

Iron:

Iron is the most abundant transition element. Iron can enter into an after systems by leaching natural deposit and acidic mine drainage. The concentration of iron for all the samples was below detectable limit by BIS and WHO. The Iron of the samples lies between 0.1 to 0.2 m/l (Table 2).

Fluoride:

Fluoride is naturally present in water. It becomes toxic to animal and human being when present at more than 1 mg/l concentration in drinking water. At level above 1.5 mg/l molting of teeth and bones has been reported very occasionally and above 3 mg/l speletal flourosis may be observed when fluorosis may be observed. When concentration of 10 mg/l is exceeded (WHO, 1984). It may cause crippling problem. The present investigation maximum fluoride was record to be 1.0 mg/l (Table 2; Figure 8).

Figure 8. Fluoride concentration in different sampling stations

Nitrate:

Nitrates are naturally occurring ion that is part of the nitrogen cycle. Naturally occurring nitrate level in surface and ground water are generally a few mg/l. To much nitrate can cause a blood disorder in bodies younger than 3 month and the disorder is called blue baby syndrome. The water collected from all sampling station of hand pump and bore well. The nitrate of water ranges from 0.61 to 3.0 mg/l (Table 2; Figure 9).

Figure 9. Nitrate concentration in different sampling stations

Sodium:

Sodium concentration was ranged from 25.4-80.0 mg/l. Minimum value was found 25.4 mg/l at S2 while maximum value was 80.0 mg/l at S5andS6(Table 2; Figure 10).

Potassium:

Potassium concentration was ranged from 0.9-738.1 mg/l. Minimum value was found 0.9 mg/l at S5 while maximum value was 738.1 mg/l at S3(Table 2; Figure 11).

Figure 10. Sodium concentration in different sampling stations

Figure 11. Sodium concentration in different sampling stations

Total Coli form (E. coli):

Microbial population contributed mainly through human activities prevailed in the entire stretch of Yamuna river with reduction in bacterial counts during monsoon period due to flushing effect. Bacteriological assessment does not provide an integrated effect of pollution but only indicate that water quality at the time of sampling. Hence, this parameter is time and space specific. From the present analysis of available data it may be concluded that more investigations should be conducted on unexposed but vital components of this river system which includes significant areas like fast disappearing biodiversity, sand mining and its effect on eco-degradation, dangerous level of industrial pollution and its multidimensional impacts on river system and local inhabited area, large scale destruction of fishery resources and its socio-economic impact on society etc. All the samples from all the six stations were contaminated with coli form bacteria. Seasonal variation of total coli forms in sampling stations water is represented in Figure 12. The coli forms varied from 00.00 to 9 MPN/100ml during the study (Table 3). From the present investigation it was observed that all the samples were bacteriologic ally polluted in all the seasons. Bacterial counts indicated considerable variation in the samples collected from different sampling locations of the river. Depending on the degree of contamination influenced by various anthropogenic activities some locations indicated high bacterial contamination while others indicated comparatively less. The high coli form density during monsoon is attributable to the municipal effluents pouring through drains.

Figure 12. E.coli (MPN/100 ml) in different sampling stations

CONCLUSION:

The above study indicated that ground water quality of the selected hand pumps was almost good consequently water was fit for irrigation and other domestic purposes. Occurrence of lime stone and dolomite rocks produced high total dissolved solids, total solids, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total hardness, alkalinity and only S1,S2,S3 S4, S5 and S6 water sample high TDS, total hardness, EC and fluoride and Iron found within limit of WHO and BIS in the study area. The high values of these parameters may have health complications and therefore they need attention. These results must be shared with people of the area and necessary remedial cure must be suggested to them to improve the water quality more. These data may also be shared with public health engineering authorities in order to upgrade the quality of water for a safe and healthy life.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

Authors are grateful to Sri Abhay Mahajan, Organizing Secretary, Deendayal Research Institute, Arogyadham, Chitrakoot, for providing the infrastructure and support to conclude this type of research work successfully.

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Received on 26.06.2015 Modified on 20.05.2015

Research J. Science and Tech. 7(3):July- Sept. 2015; Page 151-157

DOI: 10.5958/2349-2988.2015.00021.2

S.No.	Station Code	Detail of Stations
1	S-1	Balika Chhatrawas, Rajoula
2	S-2	Ramnath Ashramshala Chhatrawas, Kamta
3	S-3	Sri Tulsi Prayaga Chachhu Chhatrawas, Kamta
4	S-4	Swarg Ashram Chhatrawas, Pilikoto
5	S-5	Balika Chhatrawas, Nayagawan
6	S-6	Gurukul Sankul Chhatrawas Sphticshila, Chitrakoot